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 Information
on how the now banned pesticide chlordane is still harming the health of
millions of people in the United States and other countries today.
Doctors and
scientists who are knowledgeable on the chlordane problem state millions of adults and children are becoming sick
by living in homes built before April, 1988 (the period when
chlordane, originally developed by Monsanto, was allowed to be used).
Chlordane contaminates the air of over 30
million U.S. homes by diffusion through concrete flooring -
ceiling drywall - or outgassing from previously treated indoor areas.
Documented health problems can include child cancers, neuroblastoma, leukemia,
chronic infections,
bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis, infertility, neurological
disorders, aggression and depression.
Unfortunately, due to the lack of obvious odor or easily administered
test, most occupants are unaware this pesticide is in the indoor air
they are breathing hour after hour.
By Wayne Sinclair, M.D.
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
Richard W. Pressinger, M.Ed.
Tampa, Florida
Chlordane Research Index
Click title below for more information
The
Chlordane Problem
Why scientists consider chlordane a health threat surpassing
cigarettes and radon -
What is chlordane? - When was the mistake realized -
How widespread a problem? -Which homes affected?
Breast Cancer linked to chlordane exposure
Cancerous breast tissue contains 4 times higher concentrations of chlordane
ingredient heptachlor epoxide, thereby suggesting causal link.
Immune
problems worse in chlordane treated homes
Sinusitis, bronchitis, migraines, cough and anemia higher in chlordane
homes
Immune system
damage & autoimmune disorders
The body's cancer fighting cells are
paralyzed by chlordane and how chlordane can literally make the body's
immune cells attack healthy tissue by mistake (called
autoimmunity)
Hidden
neurological problems found
Chlordane suspected of causing chronic fatigue, depression,
anger, memory and concentration problems in adults living in a chlordane
treated apartment complex
Asthma and
allergies higher in chlordane homes
As chlordane has shown strong immune damaging potential
Asthma and allergies are an expected consequence.
Neuroblastoma
and leukemia higher
Children develop blood disorders and neuroblastoma following
chlordane treatments in the home
Liver damage and
chlordane
Chlordane shows the ability to cause liver damage at low exposure
levels
Male and female
infertility problems
Research shows chlordane can cause infertility and sperm damage
High school
closes due to chlordane treatment
Teachers and students complained for 4 years before chlordane
was found to be the cause of illnesses in this Virginia High School.
Overweight
is a symptom of chlordane exposure
Surprising increases in body weight have been found to occur
in test animals exposed to chlordane.
Researchers are not sure if this is due to the ability of chlordane to
alter hormones or chlordane's ability to damage brain centers
controlling body weight.
Chlordane &
Dursban Air Test Results
This table summarizes eight different indoor air testing projects
by the U.S. Air Force and Governmental Agencies of over 1000 U.S.
homes. Pesticides sampled include 6 chlordane test projects and 2
Dursban test projects. These test results clearly show how serious
and widespread the chlordane indoor air problem is in pre-1988
homes.
75% of U.S. Homes Contaminated
with Chlordane
New research shows that people living in homes built before April of
1988 are most likely breathing the pesticide chlordane each minute they
are in the house. In fact, research by the U.S. Air Force and the New
Jersey Department of Environmental Regulation has found in tests of over
1000 homes, that approximately 75% contain chlordane in the indoor air
and 7% are over the maximum safe levels according to National Academy of
Science (NAS) guidelines (1). These figures are suspected of being the
same throughout the U.S.
Chlordane's History
Chlordane was the pesticide used to prevent or eliminate termites
during the 1950's, 60's, 70's and 80's. However, after many reports of
serious illness among both adults and children following its application
and links to cancer in animals, chlordane was finally banned by the EPA
in March of 1988. Unfortunately, the ban did not take place until over
30 million homes throughout the U.S. had been treated. Concerns in
Florida are even greater because of the increased termite problem and
the fact that research shows chlordane is higher in homes built on sandy
soils.
Most homeowners are unaware that just before the concrete slab was
poured for their home's foundation, a pesticide company had come in and
saturated the soil with 100 gallons of chlordane per 1000 square feet of
area. People were literally building their homes on top of a toxic
chemical dump. The public was reassured by the pesticide industry and
entomologists that this was a safe procedure and that the chemical would
not enter into the home because of the barrier provided by the cement
foundation. However, this turned out not to be the case.
Homes Remain Contaminated For
Decades
Chlordane is such a highly toxic and persistent chemical that homes
treated 20-30 years ago are still showing unsafe levels of chlordane in
the indoor air. The problem occurs because the hundreds of gallons of
chlordane underneath the home are slowly evaporating, rising through
cracks in the foundation or around plumbing pipes and entering the home.
One of the first studies to find there was a problem came in the 1970's
when the U.S. Air Force randomly tested over 500 apartments and housing
units of its airmen. Results showed approximately 75% of the units
tested contained chlordane in the air and over 5% were above the
National Academy of Sciences "safety guidelines" of 5
micrograms per cubic meter of air (1).
Unfortunately, this is turning out not to be an isolated case.
Further studies by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Regulation
and other agencies have found similar results in hundreds of homes in
New Jersey and New York. Of great concern, when testing 64 homes built
before 1980, researchers found more than 30% of the homes contained
chlordane levels above the 5 microgram safety limit set by the National
Academy of Sciences (2).
Illnesses
Linked To Chlordane Home Exposure
There are now several university studies showing even so-called
acceptable levels of chlordane in indoor air can cause respiratory and
neurological problems. These are outlined by sections below:
Families in apartment complex
treated with chlordane show increases in sinusitis, bronchitis,
migraines, cough & anemia
JOURNAL:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 39:903 (1987)
A study of 261 people who were either living or had lived in homes
with higher air chlordane levels were found to have nearly three-times
more respiratory illnesses, including sinusitis (infection of the
sinuses) and bronchitis. The study, conducted at the School of Public
Health, University of Illinois, also found other illnesses significantly
more often in the chlordane homes. These included chronic cough, anemia,
neuritis, ovarian/uterine disease and skin disorders. The migraine
headaches, which was the worst acute symptom found, was occurring in 22%
of people living in the higher level chlordane homes.
An important point of this study is that researchers divided the 261
people into three groups based on the level of chlordane found in their
homes. These included:
- LOW EXPOSURE (under 1 microgram of chlordane per cubic
meter of air in the home)
- MEDIUM EXPOSURE (1-5 micrograms of chlordane per cubic
meter of air in the home)
- HIGH EXPOSURE (over 5 micrograms of chlordane per cubic
meter of air in the home)
Separating people into these groups is done in order to look for what
is called a "dose-response" effect, which strongly suggests
that the chemical is in fact causing the illnesses. A dose-response
effect means that as the amount of chlordane in the air increases, we
would also see a corresponding increase in health problems. This is in
fact, exactly what the researchers stated they had found. In conclusion,
Dr. Clark stated,
"The finding of a dose-response
relationship between the indoor air concentrations of chlordane and
three self-reported chronic health conditions (migraine, sinusitis,
and bronchitis) suggests that chlordane could have chronic human
health impacts. The association between chlordane and migraine and
bronchitis is consistent with previous reports of these symptoms in
chlordane poisoning or incident cases. Aplastic and acute refractory
megaloblastic anemia and effects on the female reproductive system
have also been associated with chlordane and/or heptachlor exposure.
In our study, half the homes judged to have had a proper termiticide
application had detectable air levels of chlordane, an average of 2.7
micrograms per cubic meter, months to years following the last
application... The United States Environmental Protection Agency has
often considered lifetime cancer risks exceeding one in a million as
unacceptable. An air level of less than 0.1 micrograms per cubic
meter, which appears unachievable, may need to be required to have
cancer risks within an acceptable range. On August 11, 1987, on the
basis of new evaluations regarding the safety of the cyclodiene
termiticides, EPA announced the cancellation of virtually all
termiticide uses of chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin and dieldrin."
This study was reported by Dr. J. Milton Clark, Ph.D.
School of Pubic Health, University of Illinois (3).
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Index
Breast Cancer Linked to
Chlordane Exposure
JOURNAL: Breast Cancer Research and
Treatment, 90:55-64 (2005)
One in eight women in the United States
will develop breast cancer according to the latest statistics.
Breast cancer rates in the U.S. are 3-7 times higher than those in Asia.
This 2005 study conducted at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research
and Texas Tech University Health Science Center in Lubbock Texas found
that cancerous human breast tissue contained the chemical heptachlor
epoxide (found in the common home pesticide chlordane) at levels 4 times
higher than non-cancerous breast tissue. Chlordane was the primary
termite prevention pesticide used in over 30 million U.S. homes between
the mid 1950's and 1988. An estimated 50 million U.S. residents are
currently exposed to the volatization of this chemical from previously
treated pre-1989 homes on a daily basis.
Dr. Richard A. Cassidy, Sridhar, George M. Vaughan
Tox Free, Inc., Tell City, IN
Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX
US Army Institute of Surgical Research
Home Chlordane Test Information Return To Chlordane Research
Index
Immune System Damage & Autoimmune
Problems
JOURNAL: Archives
of Environmental Health, 43(5):349-352 (1988)
An excellent test to determine how well a person's immune system is
functioning is called "proliferative response." This
test measures how fast a person's immune system cells multiply in order
to eliminate invading bacteria or viruses. In several different tests of
proliferative response, conducted at the Southern Illinois School
of Medicine, it was found that people living in chlordane treated homes
had immune system cells that multiplied only about half as fast as
immune system cells of people not exposed to chlordane. (This provides
an explanation for the increase in infections shown in the previous
study.) In another immune system test conducted by the same scientists,
eleven of twelve chlordane exposed people were found to have a condition
known as autoimmunity. This is where the person's own immune system
mistakenly attacks their own self, which the researchers stated can then
result in a variety of other illnesses.
Immune System Macrophages
Paralyzed By Chlordane
JOURNAL:
Agents & Actions Journal, 37:140-146 (1992)
The pesticide chlordane is showing a strong tendency to seriously
weaken the body's ability to fight cancer cells. Macrophages are
one of the most important immune system cells which organize the attack
against bacteria, viruses and cancer. However, in tests conducted at the
Department of Immunology at the University of Arkansas, it was found
that when mice were exposed to chlordane, their macrophages were almost
entirely paralyzed in the ability to destroy cancer cells for 24 hours
after exposure (5).
Home Chlordane Testing Information
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Caused by Chlordane
Fatigue, Depression, Anger, Memory,
Concentration Probs.
All Caused by Chlordane Exposure
JOURNAL:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 39:903 (1987)
In June-September 1994, 216 adult occupants or former residents of an
apartment complex which had its exterior surfaces treated with chlordane
were examined by researchers at the University of Southern California
School of Medicine (6). The 109 women and 97 men were given a battery of
neurological tests to determine if the low levels of chlordane in their
apartments was causing any harmful effects. The tests given are
considered sensitive indicators of neurotoxicity. To determine if
chlordane was in fact causing neurological problems, the test scores of
the chlordane exposed adults were compared to the test scores of 94
women and 68 men from Houston, known not to have been exposed to
chlordane.
Results of the testing showed many harmful effects upon mental
function from the low levels of air chlordane. Not only were their test
scores significantly lower for reaction time, balance, and memory, but
the testing also showed significant increases in attention deficits,
tension, depression, anger and fatigue
In conclusion, Dr. Kaye Kilburn stated,
"The exposure of our study group appears to be from
indoor air, due to the outgassing of chlordane from the wooden
surfaces of the apartment complex.... Chlordane is a chlorinated
cyclodiene insecticide introduced in 1948 and considered to act as a
toxicant with many of the signs and symptoms of poisoning like those
produced by DDT... It is tragic that exposure is still occurring to a
material that the National Research Council in 1982 characterized as a
hazard at any dose: it could not determine a level of exposure to any
of the cyclodiene termiticides below which there would be no
biological effect. Every effort should be made to minimize exposure
(29:p.164). Also in 1986 the EPA reported that chlordane was the most
frequently misused or misapplied of the termiticides... As of 1987
under an agreement with EPA, the manufacturer Velsicol ceased to sell
chlordane for consumer use in the United States, although the company
was still licensed to export it. It is regrettable that chlordane was
applied around and on 30 million or more homes in the United States
before the ban."
Home Chlordane Test Information
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Caused by Chlordane
Asthma, Allergies, Bronchitis and Cough
Linked to Chlordane Homes
JOURNAL: Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 39:903 (1987)
Along with the neurological problems found among people living in
chlordane treated homes in the previous study at the University of
Southern California, the researchers also found significant increases in
many other health symptoms among the families living in the chlordane
homes. These included significant increases in allergies, cough,
bronchitis, wheezing, asthma and shortness of breath at rest and while
walking and climbing stairs.
Home Chlordane Test Information
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Index
Neuroblastoma & Leukemia After
Chlordane Exposure
JOURNAL: Teratogenesis,
Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 7:527-540 (1987)
Chlordane has also been linked to causing neuroblastoma and leukemia
in children along with other blood abnormalities. Severe anemia and
leukemia developed in a baby girl following home termite treatment. The
case was settled in the California Superior Court (1975). Five cases of
brain cancer were also reported to develop in children following
prenatal or postnatal chlordane exposure.
A 1987 study at the School of Public Health, University of Illinois
Medical Center, reported 25 new cases of various blood problems with the
majority occurring following chlordane termite treatment. These included
more examples of leukemias and anemias (8).
In a study reported by Velsicol (the manufacturer of chlordane), it
was found that when monkeys were exposed for 90 days to air chlordane
levels of 100 micrograms per cubic meter of air, they were more likely
to develop a condition known as leukopenia (9), which means their
disease fighting white blood cells dropped to a dangerously low number.
Leukopenia often predisposes an individual to increased colds, flu, and
infections. Levels of 250 micrograms per cubic meter of air chlordane
have been reported in some chlordane treated homes, which is two and
one-half times higher than the level causing leukopenia in the animals.
Chlordane exposure has also been linked to causing an increase in
leukemias among agricultural workers. 1,084 death certificates of
leukemia cases among Nebraska residents during the years 1957-1974 were
matched with 2,168 deaths from other causes. These farmers exhibited a
considerably higher risk of acute leukemia in counties where corn was
grown in large quantities (10). Similarly, death certificates from Iowa
for 1,675 white males over the age of 30 years who died of leukemia were
investigated for possible causes of the cancer. Iowa farmers had a
higher risk for lymphatic leukemia in counties where there was extensive
production of corn and soy bean. There was also an association of death
from leukemia with the amount of corn produced per acre. During the
period of these studies, one of the major agricultural uses of chlordane
was on corn crops.
JOURNAL TITLE: Leukemias and Blood
Dyscrasias Following Exposure to Chlordane and Heptachlor
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Caused by Chlordane
Liver Damage Results from Chlordane
Exposure
SOURCE: Science
News, November 24, 1984.
The human liver appears to also be vulnerable to damage from exposure
to chlordane. After a 48 year-old woman had her home treated for
termites with chlordane, she developed symptoms of nausea, sore throat
and chest discomfort. Her medical history showed no signs of previous
health problems. Blood tests found low levels of chlordane in the
woman's blood. Indoor air testing of the woman's home was then performed
which found high airborne levels of heptachlor (a breakdown contaminant
of chlordane).
Follow-up blood tests of the woman, conducted monthly, showed
abnormal liver function indicators that "track exactly with the
levels of pesticide in her blood," stated Dr. Alexander, who as
a physician had been clinically involved in the case. Even though the
levels of heptachlorepoxide (the form stored in the body) never exceeded
3 parts per billion in blood, Dr. Alexander stated, "We're now
able to say that she has a mild chemical hepatitis-representing liver
damage, caused by these pesticides.."
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Male and Female Infertility Increasing Past
50 Years
Evidence Chlordane Could Be Part of the Problem
Several biological problems affecting the male testicles have been
occurring with greater frequency over the past 50 years. The summary of
the problem, which appeared in the 1993 journal, Environmental Health
Perspectives(13), discussed the observed rise in testicular cancer and
the medical conditions hypospadias and cryptorchidism, as well as the
apparent declining sperm count among the overall male population.
Hypospadias is when the testicles do not descend and cryptorchidism is
when the opening to the penis appears on the underside of the penis.
According to the researchers at the Statistical Research Unit,
University of Copenhagen, Denmark, cancer of the male testicles has
increased over 3-fold from 1940 to 1980. The frequency of hypospadias
(the opening of the penis on the underside) in England has doubled from
0.15% in 1964 to 0.36% in 1983. Similar increases were also reported
from Sweden and Hungary. Recent British data also detected a near
doubling of cryptorchidism. This problem has risen from 1.6% of the boys
born in the 1950's to 2.9% born in the late 1970's.
The researchers also performed a detailed survey of the international
literature on sperm and semen levels published between 1930 and 1991.
Compiling information from over 61 papers and 14,947 males, indicated a
significant decline in average sperm density form 113 million per
milliliter in 1940 to 66 million per milliliter in 1990. The mean semen
volume also declined from 3.40 milliliters to 2.75 milliliters (a nearly
20% drop). This means that the total sperm count decreased even more
than that expressed by sperm density.
These figures show that men are producing only about half as much
sperm per ejaculation today as they did in the 1940's. This should
generate concern as research has shown that as sperm count decreases,
there is an increase in the risk of birth defects, miscarriages and
general problems with the child. Therefore, these figures suggest that
we should be observing a greater number of health and neurological
problems among our children due to the connection between lower sperm
count and lower sperm quality resulting from exposure of the male
population to widespread environmental chemicals.
In conclusion the researchers stated,
"Recent data clearly indicate that the semen quality has
markedly decreased during the period 1938-1990, and concomitantly the
incidence of some genitourinary abnormalities including hypospadias,
maldescent, and cancer has increased. Such a remarkable increment in
the occurrence of gonadal abnormalities over a relatively short period
of time is more likely to be due to environmental rather than genetic
factors. Generally, it is believed that pollution, smoking, alcohol,
and sexually transmitted diseases play a role."
Because of the widespread contamination of chlordane in American
homes (the chemical emits vapors for decades after treatment) and its
link with causing abnormalities in blood and childhood blood and brain
cancer, Dr. David Ozonoff, of the Boston School of Public Health, stated
there is an "urgent need for legislation creating a national
program for monitoring homes known to have been treated to detect
persistent contamination with these highly dangerous pesticides."
This persistent exposure to the U.S. population raises serious
concerns regarding the effects of the chemical upon male and female
fertility. Therefore, it is important to look at the research that
addresses this issue.
Infertility Occurs in Male Test
Animals
In the following chlordane study, researchers divided mice into three
groups of ten mice each. Two groups were subjected to either a low or
higher level of chlordane and the third group was used as a control
group not exposed to any chlordane. After 30 days of daily exposure, the
animals were sacrificed and the testicles were examined. The researchers
stated that the chlordane exposed groups showed obvious changes to the
part of the testicles where sperm development occurs (called the
seminiferous tubules). Damaged tubules were present in 19% of the lower
chlordane exposed animals- 31% of the higher chlordane exposed animals
and only 3% in the animals not exposed to chlordane. There was also a
reduction in the seminiferous tubule diameter in the higher chlordane
exposed group.
This research was conducted by Dr. K. J. Balash and colleagues at the
Biological Research Center, Scientific Research Council, Baghdad, Iraq
(13).
How Chlordane Causes
Infertility in Female Test Animal
JOURNAL: Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology, 19:234-246 (1971).
There are several studies showing female infertility in test animals
increases after exposure to the pesticide chlordane. In the study
conducted by Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, scientists exposed over 100 mice to low levels of
chlordane (25 mg/kg)once a week for three weeks before mating and
compared their fertility success with over 100 mice not exposed to
chlordane before mating. The experiment was performed three different
times to see if the results were consistent. Each time the results were
the same - that female animals exposed to chlordane conceived far less
often than females who were not exposed to chlordane.
In the first experiment, the results showed 27% of mice
exposed to only corn oil conceived while only 3% of mice exposed to
chlordane mixed with corn oil conceived.
In the second experiment, the results showed 29% of the mice
exposed to only corn oil conceived while 19% of mice exposed to
chlordane mixed with corn oil conceived.
In the third experiment, the results showed 50% of the mice
exposed to only corn oil conceived, while 20% of mice exposed to
chlordane mixed with corn oil conceived.
To help explain why the decreases in fertilization was being
observed, the scientists found that chlordane exposure was causing
excessive metabolism in the liver of important estrogen compounds
necessary for reproduction. In other words, the chlordane was actually
causing the liver to remove estrogen at too rapid a rate, thereby
decreasing its level in the female body to unusually low levels. Not
only was fertility success lower, but it was found that the uterine
weight of the chlordane exposed animals was also up to 34% lower. With
approximately 7% of U.S. homes being tested showing unsafe levels of
chlordane, it would certainly be of interest to determine the air
chlordane levels of homes where couples were having trouble conceiving.
For more information on infertility problems caused by common
environmental chemicals click - Infertility
Facts.
This study was conducted by R.M. Welch and colleagues at the
Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
published in the journal Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,
19:234-246 (1971).
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Overweight - a Symptom of
Chlordane Exposure
JOURNAL: Toxicology & Applied
Pharmacology, 126:326-337 (1994)
One unexpected symptom of chlordane exposure is an increase in body
weight. In fact, in an experiment of over 20 test animals receiving a
chlordane exposure equal to that sometimes found among the U.S.
population (100 ng/g - nanograms of chlordane per gram of body fat)
there was an average 8% increase in body weight among the animals.
Animals receiving 500 ng/g chlordane exposure were showing an average
11% increase in body weight. Chlordane exposure has been shown to
reduce by-half the levels of some hormones in female test animals,
however, scientists are unsure if this is the actual reason for the
weight gain being observed or if it is due to another reason such as
changes in the areas of the brain which control body weight. This raises
the question of whether the same symptom may be occurring among
residents living in chlordane homes built before March of 1988.
Richard A. Cassidy, Ph.D., Charles V.
Vorhees, Daniel J. Minnema, Lloyd Hastings
U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam, Houston, Texas
Division of Basic Science Research, Children's Hospital Research
Foundation
Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,
Ohio
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Teachers and Students Develop Illness -
High school found to contain high levels of chlordane
SOURCE: E-Magazine
Andrew Jackson High School finally closed in May 1989. However,
it took 4 years of student and teacher complaints about persistent
fatigue, headaches and respiratory problems to find the cause.. The
reason for the closing was that investigators were finally called in
from NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) and
found air chlordane levels in the school at levels eleven times higher
than the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) safety limit.
The testing of other schools for chlordane has sometimes been a
little more difficult. East Fairmont High School in West Virginia was
also having its own problems with sick-building syndrome. Students and
teachers complained of headaches, rashes and tremors. The parents hired
their own private toxicologist, Dr. Robert Simon, to perform tests. He
found several pesticides including chlordane and concluded that the
school needed an extensive hazardous waste clean-up.
The Marion County Board of Education followed by hiring a law firm to
put together another group to retest the school. This time it found
lower levels of the chemicals. The board then hired two independent
consultants to analyze both test results, they concluded that there was
nothing hazardous at the school. It was recommended only to clean the
art room, cafeteria and kitchen as a matter of "good housekeeping
and hygiene." Although the board maintained that the school never
posed a health risk, it authorized a clean-up in August 1991 that cost
$15,000.
Some parents were still upset. They alleged that two other firms were
hired and then fired by the school board when they found the school to
be unsafe. The parents and teachers still wanted a third test to be done
by a federal agency such as NIOSH. Although such testing wouldn't cost
the district anything, the school board would not agree to it. As a
result, five lawsuits were filed against the board and more were
expected.
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REFERENCES
- New York State Health Department, Bureau
of Toxic Substances Assessment: Testimony on proposed amendments to
termiticide regulations, May 24, 1984(also reported in
Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, Volume 7, page 537,
(1987)
- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
Toxicology, 27:406 (1981)
- Archives of Environmental Health,
43(5):349-352 (1988)
- Archives of Environmental Health,
47(4):295-301 (1992)
-
- Scandinavian Journal of Work &
Environmental Health, 4:137-150(1978) Blood Dyscrasias and Childhood
Tumors And Exposure To Chlordane and Heptachlor.
-
- Huntingdon Research Laboratories:
Chlordane: A Ninety-Day Inhalation Toxicity Study in the Rat and the
Monkey. Unpublished report to the Velsicol Company, June 1984 (also
reported in Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, Volume 7,
page 535, 1987)
- American J of Epidemiology, 109:309-319
(1979), Blair A, Thomas T.L.: Leukemia among Nebraska farmers: A
death certificate study.
- American Journal of Epidemiology,
115:720-728 (1982) Leukemia and Farm Practices In Iowa.
- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
Toxicology, 39:434-442 (1987)Chlordane Damages Sperm Development
- Environmental Health Perspectives.
Supplement, 101(2):65-71 (1993) Decreases in Male Fertility due to
Environmental Factors
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